Thinking Activity : - language lab software

 Hello readers!

                           Here I am going to wrote about the Language Lab software and NAMO E TAB. This is my academic task given by Dr Dilip barad sir from Department of English Bhavnagar University.

Language Laboratories are becoming more and more valued in educational institutions. Since the functions and possibilities they offer are much higher than the ones in the traditional teaching-learning system. 

History of Language Lab

                   It was Edison's invention of the tin foil phonograph in 1877 that made the first language laboratories possible. It was used for a foreign language class for the first time in 1891. Students listened to records, recorded their own voices speaking the languages, and sent their recordings back to the company for evaluation. 

                        Between 1900 and 1950, equipment became more sophisticated, with the invention and development of tape recorders and television, and schools began establishing language laboratories. Language laboratories were given impetus by funds provided when the National Defense Education Act was passed in 1958. Various language laboratory programs and studies done on their effectiveness are described. Contains 23 references.

Advantage of Language Lab 

• It is practical mode of learning.

• It allows diversity in classroom.

• One can learn at their own speed.

• One can learn anytime they want.

• It helps in self evaluation.

• It provides individual learning

Yet it's fundamental skill is good as it provides space to us also that we can record our voice then compare and analysis it with software which I don't find in mobile. I think it is advantage of it's. 

Assignment paper :-15 Mass communication and media studies

 

• Name :- Hitixa Goswami 

• Class :- M. A. Sem 4

• Roll No :- 9

• Beach :- 2019-21 

• Enrollment No :- 2069108420200013

• Subject :- Mass communication and media studies 

• Assignment Topic :-  what is mass media? And importance of mass Media 

• Email :- hitixagoswami28@gamil 

• Submitted to :- S.B.GARDI Department of English Bhavnagar University

• Word :-  2095

Introduction 

              Mass media plays an important role in the life of society. Most people agree that the 21st century can be called the “age of media”, which is quite true as the world of media influences us in different ways. However, some of these bring benefits for us, there are also bad points. Since the advancement of technology, people today are getting attached to television and films. Books also make it a passion to stand at the top of the media list.

What is Mass media? 

Mass media means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is the primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public. The most common platforms for mass media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. The general public typically relies on the mass media to provide information regarding political issues, social issues,entertainment, and news in pop culture.

Types of Mass Media 

As we see first what is media and come to know that in our daily routine we are surrounded by various types of Mass Media. So, we can define various mass communication platforms like Print Media, Television, Films, Radio, Video Games,online communication platforms etc.

 Development of Mass Media 

Western mass communication scholars have identified a development progression cycle call ESP i.e. Elite Popular Specialization this cycle holds that all media develop in three stages:

Elite: Media appeals to the affluent. Affluent people are considered as the leaders of cultural and social trends.

Popular: When the notions break through the barriers of literacy and poverty, it enters the popular stage and reaches the mass culture.

Specialization: There is ‘demassification’ of the mass media due to information explosion and advancement in communication technology.Media is consumed by highly fragmented segments of the population each with their own interest and cultural activities.for example like Cartoon channels, Sports channels, News channels, Movies.

Attraction with Media

In Modern society, people are influenced by mass media. Although traditional television watching and newspaper reading are no longer as popular as before, people spend more time in front of computers listening to music and radio, reading news and information interacting with other people in social network and watching television programs and films. The developing technology of mobile phone allows people to do almost everything they can do with the computer. Now days, people are living in a world by media sounds and images. People cannot live a day without mobile and computer. Cultural values and lifestyle have changed over time by use of television and internet. So in one way, it may change people’s opinions for the better, but in another, it may impact the social system of a whole population. More and more, people all over the world use the same exact piece of clothing. Due to watching it on television, the dress code is blue jeans, t-shirt and shoes. Television can be a great teacher. Some public television programs encourage visits to the zoo, libraries, bookstores, museums and other activities, and educational visitors can surely serve as powerful teaching devices.

 

Attraction of Television in media 

Amongst all the mass media today, TV attracts the largest number of viewers; its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because television is able to focus on audiences of all age groups, whether literate or illiterate. Television has been used for education and information purposes rather than for entertainment. There is no doubt about the fact that technology has given us a main tool in television. It is a very powerful mass communication medium. The Indian model of television programmes is unique as it is expected to pass on the culture from one generation to another. Today Doordarshan is challenging all cable TV networks in meeting the entertainment needs of the people. Television in India, through its programme presents pictures and views of India’s rich culture. They represent various religions and cultural languages and activities of people belonging to different parts of India and so it reflects the Indian Society.

          We live in an attractive world and even more charming society. We are part of a culture where every morning we wake up to the voice of the morning news filling us in on the beautiful sunny weather outside, and at the end of the day, tired and hungry. We move slowly home, where our TV or computer are waiting patiently to be at service. In the world, life without technology feels totally impossible and life without media is simply unthinkable.

               India has various cultures, religions and traditions. Therefore, a medium like TV can play a vital role in developing common understanding with the people and bring them closer, like movies, TV reinforces ideas, beliefs. For example- TV represents the messages on importance of girl’s education, marriage age, environment protection, energy conservation etc. Thus, it serves believable function. Television has more flexibility and mobility in its coverage due to audio-visual presentation. As Saxena says-

“Television in India has acquired today newer dimensions, greater popularity as a much wider reach. The moving images of television fascinate people, demand attention and eventually influence their thoughts and behaviors”.

Attraction of Radio in Media 

Radio is generally used as a mass communication medium and has a great potential for spreading information as radio signals cover almost the entire population. Radio being a handy form of entertainment caters to a large audience. 

                Radio reaches the common man in urban and rural areas of India, though the use of radio is more among rural cities. It has advantages over the use of other mass media like television and newspaper in terms of being handy and easily available. It is the most transportable of the broadcast media, being easy get to at home, in the office, in the car, on the street or beach, almost everywhere at any time. Radio is helpful not only in informing the people, but also in creating understanding about many social issues and the need for social improvement, developing interest.

                       In India, radio with its access to the rural areas is becoming a powerful medium for advertisers. Because radio listening is so widespread that it has spread as an advertising medium for reaching local audiences. Moreover, radio serves small highly targeted audiences, which makes it a superb advertising medium for many kinds of specialized features for radio as mass medium is that it caters to a large rural population which has no way into TV and where there is no power supply. In such places, All India Radio’s programmes continue to be the only source of information and entertainment. Moreover, broadcast programmers come in 24 languages.Kapoor, Director General of AIR (1995) said-

“Radio is far more interactive and stimulating medium than TV where the viewer is spoon-fed. Radio allows you to think, to use your imagination. That is why nobody ever called it the idiot box”.

 

Importance of Mass Media in regular life 

-       Psychological

-       Social

-       Moral

-       Cultural

Bernard Berelson an American behavioral scientists defines the impact of media as-

“Some kind of communication, some kind of issues brought to the attention of people under some kind of condition has some kinds of effects”.

Mass media is centrally involved in the production of modern culture. Reach of mass media is limited in India thus mass culture in our country is still by and large the one that prevails in our villages where over 77% of people live. Here, folk media is still predominant.

Advantages of the Media

Media is one of the most Influential entities we have in this world, with good reason. We rely on the media to provide us with information. The mass media has many roles in our world, and the most important role is providing us the news.

Helps spread News Faster

The news cycle has changed that how we put away the news forever. We no longer have to wait for the morning or evening news to get caught up on present events. There are many news channels which run 24*7 i.e. all the time in all the seven days.

  Keeps us updated with current events whether we want to keep up with our area, state, country or world, the media is there to give us all the information we need to know. By media, we can be aware of what is going on in any part of the world, specially the parts that affect our everyday life. We can keep up with what’s going on all over the world in number of ways as well. If we want some quick news, organizations offer applications that can be downloaded in our phone. These applications give us breaking news notifications, so that you can always be aware about latest updates. If you have a long journey or important works, you can use radio to get your news. Generally, radio stations are that focus on lifestyle, news, current events and more.

    Contact with family and friends with the help of social media, many people can communicate with their families or with friends. Actually people travel around the world and by this reason; They need a good way in order to not lose the contact with their families in their native country. So the world’s population uses electronic devices for their communication for example- Mobile phones, telephones, computers etc.

Function of Mass Media

Mass Media is the powerful medium that does not only influence today’s world but that also shape tomorrow. Mass Media performs essential task in order to cast its effect to the people and maintain the society.

Information

It is the main function of mass media. While information is power of knowledge it can be objective, primary, subjective and secondary. Media disseminates information mostly through news broadcast on radio, TV as well as newspaper or magazines. Moreover, advertisements are also mostly for information purposes.

Education

Media presents education and information side by side. It provides education in different subjects to people of all levels. They try to educate people directly using different forms of content. Dramas, documentaries, interviews and many other programs are arranged to educate people directly. Mass media is used as a successful tool for mass awareness.

Entertainment

It is one more function of mass media. Persuasion involves making influence on others mind. Mass Media power audience in varieties of ways. All people are not well known about it. Many of them become influenced or motivated unknowingly towards it. Hence, specific functions of mass media are explained below:

Surveillance

The function of mass media is to observe society closely. News about films is played at local theaters, stock market prices, new products, fashion ideas are examples of instrumental surveillance.

Interpretation

The mass media do not just give facts and data but also explanations and interpretations of events. News analysis, editorials are some examples of interpretative content. Such types of interpretative contents are prepared by those journalists who have knowledge of background information and strong ability.

Socialization

It is the transmission of culture. Media is the reflector of society. Whenever a person reads the newspaper or watches television, the individual knows how people respond on matters and what types of norms and values they perceive in the situation.

Conclusion 

Thus, media is attractive and even more important in the lives of adults as well as children. We get great deals of information from the different forms of media such as newspapers, films and documentaries, journals, radio, motion pictures and more. Mass media plays a vital role in forming and reflecting public opinion, connecting the world to individuals and reproducing the self image of society. The mass media still plays a vital role in the social learning process and has power on how individuals acquire ideas, attitudes and change direction in society.

Work cited 

Kang, Minjeong. “Media Use and the Selective Individual.” Communication Theories for Everyday Life. By John R. Baldwin, Stephen D. Perry, and Mary Anne Moffitt. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2004. 201-11. Print.

Jeffries, Leo W., and Richard M. Perloff. Mass Media Effects. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1997. 

Berger, Arthur Asa. The Mass Comm Murders: Five Media Theorists Self-destruct. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.

Research on Marketing, Advertisements and Public Relations.n.d.

                                  Thank you… 

Assignment paper :- 14 The American Literature

 

• Name :- Hitixa Goswami 

• Class :- M. A. Sem 4

• Roll No :- 9

• Beach :- 2019-21 

• Enrollment No :- 2069108420200013

• Subject :- The African Literature 

• Assignment Topic :-  character sketch in ' A Grain of wheat' by ngugi wa Thiong'o

• Email :- hitixagoswami28@gamil 

• Submitted to :- S.B.GARDI Department of English Bhavnagar University

• Word :-  1726

Character sketch in ' A Grain of wheat' by ngugi wa Thiong'o

Introduction 

                A Grain of Wheat is a novel by Kenyan novelist Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o first published as part of the influential Heinemann African Writers Series. ‘A Grain of Wheat’ is a short but noticeable novel, having only one main incident. It came under South African Literature. It was written in 1967. It was written by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. It contains some historical events in it. It was very firstly represented as events in this novel. It was also known as Kenyan novel.

About the Author 

                     Ngugi wa Thiong'o is a Kenyan writer, formerly working in English and now working in Gikuyu. His work includes novels, plays, short stories, and essays, ranging from literary and social criticism to children's literature. He is the founder and editor of the Kikuyu-language journal Mutlir. 

He himself said:

“I am a writer, some have even called me a religious writer. I write about my people. I am interested in their hidden lives and hates and how the very tension in their hearts affects their daily contact with other men. How in other words, the emotions stream of the man within interacts with the real type.”

              In this novel he again raises the same question about colonization and colonized people and so this work is also known as his masterpiece. He tries to bring reality and realism in front of worlds with the help of all his works and this work is also adding the same in his patriotic movement for people and nation.

About the Novel ' A Grain of wheat' 

“A Grain of Wheat" is a complex, powerful novel exploring the psychology of a hauntedman – haunted by an act of treachery to a hero of Kenya’s freedom movement.”

              The novel ‘A grain of wheat’ is Ngugi wa Thiong'o's third novel. This novel was published in 1967. The novel has Marxist  and Fanonian militant attitude. A Grain of Wheat is about the events that lead up to Kenyan independence, or Uhuru. It's set in the background of the Mau Mau rebellion. The setting is a Kenyan village.  The title of the novel is taken from the New Testament, and refers to a passage from Paul’s first letter to Corinthians which is placed as an epigraph at the very beginning. This is a story about events and relationships leading up to a country’s struggle for independence, and the story, focusing on the quite Mugo, whose life is ruled by a dark secret.The action of the novel focuses on the hero’s memory of the incidents of the “Mau Mau Revolt'', the movement began in 1946 Mau Mau rebellion an anti – colonial movement which historians says revolt and independence for the African nation. 

                 The novel starts in a small village and it gives us details about the physical, psychological and political impact of the revolt on small village people. The novel can be summarized as a “Collective act of recalling and reflecting on the past '' that is a narration of a nation.  We can also compare this novel with European and Latin American style – especially historical novels as a vehicle to construct a national conscience.

This novel A Grain of Wheat is divided into three eras that are;

                    The story of this novel is centered around the character Mugo. The plot revolves around his home village’s preparation for Kenya’s Independence day celebration, “Uhuru day”. On that day, former resistance fighters General R. and Koinange plan on publicly executing the traitor who betrayed Kihika. The entire novel tells about the history of Kenya and the Mau Mau revolt.

                  A Grain of Wheat was a turning point in the formal and ideological of his works. This text is multi-narrative lines and multi-viewpoints unfolding at different times and spaces that replace the linear temporal unfolding of the plot from a single viewpoint. The collective replaces the individual as the center of history. 

                In the novel A Grain of Wheat there are many characters in the novels, but Mugo, Gikonyo, Mumbi, Karanja and Kihika play very vital roles in the novel. The character of Mugo is a central character of the novel. These characters also play vital roles in the freedom fighting of Kenya and the Mau Mau revolt. 

                   Ngugi Wa Thiong’o begins the novel with the character of Mugo, who is asked to speak at the Uhuru, which is another Swahili word for the Kenyan Independence. Mugo agrees and denies knowledge about another character’s death. Gikonyo, another character, who is married to Mumbi. Gikonyo’s rival is Karanja, whom Mumbi sleeps with when Gikonyo is away at a detention center, when came back after six years, Mumbai is pregnant and the presence of the baby causes their relationship to be strained.

Major Character of The Novel 

Mugo

                     He is the main character and the hero of the British Concentration camps, where he led the strike. Once he also protects a pregnant woman when one guard was trying to beat her badly. Mugo is a farmer, and he was under her aunt’s care who was a drunken woman and however, Mugo himself feels that he is an outsider. In between we can say that Mugo has a different personality and also has respect for women and villagers. His characterization is stronger than Britishers.

Gikonyo

               He is an ambitious carpenter and businessman. He was married to Mumbi, but when he came to his home to Mumbai at that time he became shocked by the news that Mumbai is pregnant. He was in jail and at that time Mumbai was alone as a caretaker of Gikonyo’s parents. Gikonyo was having a rival or an enemy named Karanja, who actually took advantage in his absence.

Karanja: 

                      He is a young man and a friend of Kihika. Kihika was also in love with Mumbi. When Mumbi marries to Gikonyo he feels that he became alone in the village and there everything has been ended without Mumbi. He mostly focuses on his sorrows and desire for Mumbai. There he takes an oath with his friends for the movement but he was in favor of Britishers and he joins their governance and becomes one of the guards. Karanja rises as a chief of the area.

         Meanwhile Karanja invites Mumbai to his office once and tells her that her husband is going to come soon. Because of weakness unfortunately Mumbi allows sex with Karanja but at a time she regrets and Karanja doesn’t get fulfillment of his love with Mumbi.

                  Then Karanja leaves to work at the library in Githima, where he is little more than a toy. The White men don’t have respect for him and black people hate Karanja. He becomes a man without the world. Mugo saves Karanja from almost certain death by his confession.

Kihika

                  He was Mumbi’s brother and embraced the movement as a young man. He is more religious person and he compares the struggle in Kenya to the Jews in Egypt and wants to be free. He believes in sacrifice and unity. He wants Mugo in the movement and he plans an underground movement in the town. But Mugo becomes the reason of Kihika’s death as he reveals the next plan to the Britishers and Kihika was hanged. Thereby Kihika dies and becomes martyr for the movement. We can say that Mugo is responsible for Kihika’s death and he must be punished somewhere. Wambuku is Kihika’s girlfriend but she is not interested in his patriotism and her friend Njeri falls in love with Kihika. Wambuku, married to another man, becomes pregnant but when being beaten by a guard, Mugo tries to save her. Although after a struggle she died.

Mumbi

             

              Mumbi is the most beautiful woman in the village of Thabai. She was admired by many youngsters in the village but she falls in love with Gikonyo and they got married. She thinks that she will protect her husband when the officers come to arrest him, but she does not. Thereby she takes the entire responsibility of Gikinyo’s home and also takes responsibility of building a new house and working in the trenches while Gikonyo was away from her in imprisonment.

        But after meeting Karanja her life is totally ruined and she goes back to her parents but also there she suffers and her parents throw her back because of her mistake. Then she even starts living her life alone and starts working on her own abilities. Thus here the example of this character is more in light if we do feminist reading of the text.

Waiyaki 

          Waiyaki was an early rebellion against the White men, who is rumored to have been buried alive with his head facing into the earth. And it becomes the main theme of the text “A Grain of Wheat”.

           Here all characters like Mumbi is the only central character in the novel that is female. This fact is a message from Ngugi to the reader telling them that Mumbi is to be a significant part of the novel. She is also Kihika's sister. Kihika is the most idolized character in the novel. He is considered the leader of the people and leads the movement. With Kihika being like this, Ngugi brings Mumbi into the novel with a jumpstart on the other characters. She is of the same bloodline as Kihika so the reader can expect to see important things coming from her.

Conclusion 

So, with the help of all the statements we can conclude this point in favour of all characters in this novel. As we discussed earlier, this novel's character is a very strong character.  Here Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o tried to give a very powerful voice to her characters like, Mumbi. Without her presence this novel seems very dull or lacks interest.

Work cited 

Ngũgĩ, wa T, and Abdulrazak Gurnah. A Grain of Wheat. New York: Penguin Books, 2012. Print.

Thompson, Katrina Daly, 1975-. A Trickster Translation: How a Grain of Wheat Becomes Tsanga Yembeu. 1999. 

www.academia.edu/4720459/Analysis_of_A_grain_of_wheat

http://www.scribd.com/doc/85482524/Character-and-Voice-in-Ngugi-Wa-Thiongo-a-Grain-of-Wheat#scribd

                                   Thank you… 

     

Assignment paper :- 13 new literature

Feminist study of Dan brown novel " The Da Vinci code" 

Name :- Hitixa Goswami 

Class :- M. A. Sem 4

Roll No :- 9

Beach :- 2019-21 

Enrollment No :- 2069108420200013

Subject :- The new literature 

Assignment Topic :- feministic study of " The Da Vinci code" 

Email :- hitixagoswami28@gamil 

Submitted to :- S.B.GARDI Department of English Bhavnagar University 

Word :- 1997

Feminist study of Dan brown novel " The Da Vinci code" 

Introduction :- The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 mystery thriller novel by Dan Brown. It follows "symbologist" Robert Langdon and cryptologist Sophie Neveu after a murder in the Louvre Museum in Paris causes them to become involved in a battle between the Priory of Sion and Opus Dei over the possibility of Jesus Christ having been a companion to Mary Magdalene.

                   Public memory plays a vital role to construct, Deconstruct and reconstruct the memory. The needs and interests of a particular community dictate narrative frameworks that structure memory-making into the collective memories that define that community, such as the Church. Exposing how representations of historical women like Magdalene are constructed and maintained in public memory offers a rich site of inquiry. Furthermore, drawing on Michel Foucault's (1969) theories about the power/knowledge relationship, powerful people created the memory of Magdalene as a prostitute. Magdalene as an historical and biblical figure has captured the imagination of people throughout history, from New Testament Gospels and Gnostic sources to Christian storytellers, medieval legends, and popular culture.

            Dan Brown’s intention is to celebrate the sacred feminine, which is lost in the course of time. From the very beginning of the novel he tried to remain faithful to his intention by saying that,

And finally, in a novel drawing so heavily on the sacred feminine, I would be remiss if I did not mention the two extraordinary women who have touched my life. First, my mother, Connie Brown—fellow scribe, nurturer, musician, and role model. And my wife, Blythe—art historian, I painter, front-line editor, and without a doubt the most astonishingly talented woman I have ever known.

                  In the novels, Dan Brown challenges the Christian ideas of feminine, by favoring the pagan ideas. Before the Christianity, people believed in paganism. Pagan religion believed in both gender, it emphasized equality of both gender and sometimes revered feminine leadership and divinity too. Followers of pagan religion believed in worshiping Goddesses. But as Christianity took over, as a part of the Vatican’s campaign to eradicate pagan religions and convert the masses to Christianity, the church launched a smear campaign against the pagan gods and goddesses, recasting their divine symbols as evil. This unfair and perverse treatment of divinity is strikingly similar to the way that the Church also removed any instance of female power or divinity in the predominantly male faith.

                    The central argument in Brown's plot is the claim that Jesus and Magdalene were married. Pregnant at the Crucifixion, Magdalene later escaped to France, known then as Gaul, in order to bear his child. Thus, Mary Magdalene is Holy Grail because she carried the royal bloodline. According to Brown's thesis, the Catholic Church has spent the last 2,000 years trying to cover up these facts in order to diminish the role of women in the early Church "the lost sacred feminine" and to deny that the bloodline still exists in France today. Brown tried to prove that Jesus was Divine as well as human being. Brown also obliterates one of the most prominent images of Magdalene in public memory, that of the repentant whore. As one character says in the 2006 movie version of the novel, "What if the world discovers that the greatest story ever told is actually a lie?"  

                 Brown paints the new and pure image of Mary Magdalene. That generates debate and discussion among the readers. However the book is labeled as ‘Fiction’ but he included real characters and events. it raised the question about history itself, as Brown himself said : “How historically accurate is history itself?”

              Dan Brown has challenged the Christian ideas of feminism by fevering Pagan ideas. Before Christianity there was the existence of ‘Paganism’. Followers of paganism believed in equality thus they worshiped both God and Goddesses. Sometimes they revered feminine leadership too. Therefore Brown attempted to restore that ‘Sacred Feminism’ in his novel. Dan Brown gave the example to prove feminine leadership;

            Dan Brown to show feminine sacredness, comes with evidence that Mary Magdalene was married to Jesus and she was the favorite disciple of Jesus, Brown quotes from the Gospel of Phillip,

“……and the companion of the savior is Mary Magdalene. Christ loved her more than all the disciples and used to kiss her often on her mouth. The rest of the disciples were offended by it and expressed disapproval. They said him, ‘why do you love her more that all of us?”’

                  Here, he shows that Jesus was more closer to Mary Magdalene and he wanted her to be the leader of Church, but as follower started feeling that if women will be on power position they will lose their power and dignity, and to protect their own power and dignity, they started blaming women that women are impure and lower to man. They worship God but refuse to worship the goddesses.

                  So until now women have been seen as pure, divine and sacred but as Christianity came into existence, it challenged the sacredness of feminine. Before it, women have been praised as being able to give birth to new life with the Christianity, idea of sacredness questioned and they started believing it’s not woman but man who is divine and able to create new life. Now women are treated as second or lower to man, her ability to create new life is not considered as something divine but as something impure and unclean.

                   In the novel Dan Brown celebrates the sacred feminine. His main intention of the novel is to bring the lost sacredness of feminine back. And for that he shows Mary Magdalene in a positive way, he proves that Mary was one of the pure disciples of Jesus. She was married to Jesus and then they traveled to France. They had their girl child Sarah too.

                    In the movie “The Da Vinci Code”, when Sir Leigh Teabing and Robert Langdon were talking about history of the paganism and the mysteries about the Holy Grail, Robert Langdon speaks these lines during the talk: “Sex begot new life – the ultimate miracle and miracles could be performed by a God. Those women who were thinking freely and having some intelligence in comparison to males it was hardly impossible to explain the truth. Religious people have killed many women in this wrong belief because they were not ready to give rights to speak to women and they marginalized them. Voice of women became mute or unknowingly unheard to religiosity.

                    The Neo Pagan groups have referred to the feminine sacredness as well as female worship in their religion. In the new literature we can say that there are debates regarding feministic reading of the text and a narrowed way of looking at the new literature. Here Dan Brown focuses on feminine sacredness and also gives hints about the past wars about Paganism and Christianity. Generally religion, science, super power or super naturalism of humans has many issues and it can be presented with the help of fictional or imaginational characters. Thus Dan Brown indirectly has emphasized on the present days issues regarding religion and position of females and its importance in the society.

                   Brown is trying to prove that Mary Magdalene was the favorite of all the disciples. What Brown is trying to prove is obviously very profound, and his use of ancient texts makes his argument very convincing. There are other things that he says about Mary Magdalene, “the Priory of Scion, to this day, still worships Mary Magdalene as the Goddess, the Holy Grail, The Rose and the Divine Mother ''. Brown also writes that Mary Magdalene traveled to France after Jesus Christ’s resurrection and bore his child, Sarah.   

               Christianity spreads rumors that Mary Magdalene was a prostitute. But Brown proves that Mary was not a prostitute; her family was very healthy so there was no need to be a prostitute for her. InThe Da Vinci Code, Dan Brown commonly attributes Mary Magdalene to be a symbol of the lost goddess tradition before Christianity took over. Although Brown never refutes the history of Mary Magdalene as a disciple of Jesus, making her a devotee to the faith, he merely suggests that the way that the Church spread horrible rumors about Mary Magdalene and removing texts from the Bible that portrayed her in a favorable light is interestingly similar to how the Church eradicated the Pagan tradition which incorporated both genders into its worship and emphasized the equality of both and sometimes revered feminine leadership and divinity. Because of this analogy, Brown ties the two ideas together, suggesting that Mary Magdalene was intended to be the founder of Jesus’ church instead of Peter, placing the Church as a potentially female-led institution, much like ancient Paganism.

               To undermine the appeal to Mary of Magdala as a warrant for women’s leadership. So it is clear to see that Mary Magdalene’s role was deliberately downplayed and cast in a negative light for the purpose of eradicating any female leadership in the male Christian Church. Since the find at Nag Hammadi, the Gnostic Gospels have revealed that Mary Magdalene was intended to be the leader of the Christian movement, and suddenly people are faced with “one tradition where Peter plays a role of tremendous significance and Mary is on the margins, while in another tradition, Mary is the significant figure and Peter is the suspect”. It is the tradition that emphasizes Peter also known as orthodox Christianity, which people are most accustomed today. It is unfortunate that Mary Magdalene’s reputation suffered so greatly over so many centuries. Although having Mary Magdalene as a part of fictional and non-fictional literature is not relatively new. 

                      Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code most certainly shows how Mary Magdalene’s role in the Bible was deliberately downplayed and cast in a negative light by limiting the mention of her name in the Biblical Canon as opposed to the exclusivity that she plays in the Gnostic Gospels. Brown also uses the written history of Mary Magdalene to represent the feminine leadership that was lost after Christianity took over the masses by showing how the Gnostic and Coptic texts hold Mary Magdalene in a high regard compared to the orthodox texts. Mary Magdalene has not been completely exonerated of the accusations that she has weathered throughout the ages, though on a large scale, many people have set the rumor to rest in their hearts and minds, and have accepted Mary Magdalene as “apostle to the apostles. 

Conclusion :- Feministic reading of the text “The Da Vinci Code””, that Mary Magdalene and Sophie Neveau are the real feministic heroes. We know that we have a need to relate to the feminine, to be nourished by her inner and outer presence. Without the feminine nothing new can be born. We all need to reclaim the living power and trans formative potential of the feminine, to feel her connection to the soul and the earth. Only through working together with the feminine can we heal and transform the world. And this means to honor her presence within our bodies and our soul, in the ground we walk on and the air we breathe.

 Work cited 

A.Reyes, Crysti. "Mary Magdalene and The Da Vinci Code: How Brown interprets feminine Leadership in Religion." (n.d.).

Giannini, John. "The Sacred Secret: The Real Mystery in The Da Vinci Code." Jung Journal: Culture & Psych 2 (2008): 63-84 .

Kennedy, Tammie M. "Mary Magdalene and the Politics of Public Memory: Interrogating "The Da Vinci Code"." Feminist Formations 24 (n.d.): 120-139.

Brown, Dan. The Da Vinci Code: A Novel. New York: Doubleday, 2003. Print.

Brown, Dan, 1964-. The Da Vinci Code : a Novel. New York :Random House Audio, 2003

                             Thank you…