- Paper :- 8 cultural studies
• Name :- Hitixa Goswami
• Class :- M. A. Sam 2
• Roll No :- 8
• Enrollment No :- 2069108420200013
• Subject :Cultural studies
• Assignment Topic :- Five types of cultural studies
• Email:- hitixagoswami28@gamil
• Submitted to :-S.B.GARDI, Department of English Bhavnagar University
• World :-1212
Introduction
Culture is the world which is next to impossible to describe in one word. Culture is something which reflects in your identity. In dictionary cultural means the art, customs, lifestyles, background and habits that characterize a particular society or nation. It we go deeper in meaning of cultural studies than we find that culture cultural studies is an academic field of critical theory and literary criticism initially introduced by British academic in 1964 and subsequently adopted by allied academic through out the world.
• Definition of culture
“ culture is the abstract, learned, shared rules and standards for generating behavior and understanding experience”
• Definition of cultural studies
“ cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which ‘culture’ creates and transform individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power”
Culture is mad by different types of group of people, defined by every thing from language, religion, food, social lifestyle, music and arts. Today, In the United States as in other countries populated largely by immigrants, the culture is made by the many groups of people who are leading the country, and there are some types of culture like,
• Five types of cultural studies
There are five types of cultural studies. Now let’s chek it out that how these five types of cultural studies differs from the other one.
1. British cultural materialism
2. New Historicism
3. American multiculturalism
4. Post modernism and popular culture
5. Post colonial studies.
1. British cultural materialism
Cultural studies is referred to as “cultural materialism” in Britain, and it has a long tradition. In the later nineteenth century Matthew Arnold sought to redefine the “ givens of British culture.
Cultural materialism began in earnest in the 1950s with the work of F. R. Leavis heavily influence by Matthew Arnold’s analysis of bourgeois culture. Centralism says that the best way to understanding human culture is to examine material condition cultural materialism makes analysis based in critical theory in the tradition of Frankfurt school.
Cultural studies also turned to the more humanized and even spiritual insights of the great students of Rabelais and Dostoevsky, In modern Britain two trajectories for “culture “developed one led back to the Dast and the feudal hierarchies that ordered community in the past : here, culture acted in its sacred function as preservation of the past cultural materialism also complete whole whose includes knowledge, belief or morals.
2. New Historicism
New Historicism Is a school of literary theory which consolidates critical theory into easier forms of practice for academic literary theoriest of the 1905 it first developed in the 1980s. Primarily though the work of the critic Stephen Greenblatt, and gained widespread influence in the following decade.
New Historicism is often criticized for lacking a group of historiography as practiced by professional historians As a postmodern from of historiography, new historicism denies the grand narrative of modernity, often taking relativist stance which deny scientific trans historical concept or social forms.
“ The text is historical, and history textual”
“ History is always historicized”
- Michael warner phrases
Much new historicism focuses on the marginalization of subjects such as those identified as withes, the insane, heretics, vagabonds, and political prisoners. New Historicist seek “surprising coincidence” that may cross generic, historical and cultural lines in borrowings of metaphor ceremony or popular culture. H Aram verse introducing an anthropology of essays, the new historicism noted some keys assumption that continuously reappears in new historicists discourse.
3. American multiculturalism
First we know what is multiculturalism?
“ multiculturalism is involving or relating to several ethnic groups or cultural groups within a society. It includes people who have many different beliefs and customs. It could be designed for cultures of different races”.
As a philosophy, multiculturalism began as part of the pragmatism movement at the end of the 19th century in Europe and the United States. American multiculturalism was come into existence in 1964 with the passing civil right Act.
In literary Field American existence with different culture which belongs to different idea about literature cultural studies, regarding American with other culture and then their production of literary forms also. Cultural studies regards four writers from different culture whose concerns with American literary field.
4. Post modernism and popular culture
Post modernism
The term ‘postmodernism ‘ first entered the philosophical lexicon in 1979.with the publication of the post modern condition by jean – Francisco Lyotard. The term usually applied to the period in literature and literary Theory since the 1960s.though some regard post mordenism as tge prevailing intellectual mood since world war – 2 ended in 1945.
Post modernism borrows from modernism disillusionment with the givens of society : a penchant for irony, A key theme is the notion of post modernity as a space for social change and political potential. McRobbie explore everyday life as a site of immense social and psychic completely to wich she argues that cutural studies scholars.
Popular culture
Popular culture is the totally of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, memes, images and other phenomena that are preferred by an informal consequences within the mainstream of a given culture, popular culture is the media, products, and attitude considered to be part of the mainstream of a given culture and the everyday life of common people. Studing media culture is not only to focus on the ‘cultural aspect’ of any media but also paying attention to the economics of media.
This term it is also known as pop culture so the term ‘popular culture’ was coined in the 19th century traditionally, the term has denoted the education and general “culturedness” of the lower clases, as opposed to the “official culture “ and higher education emanated by the dominant class.
5. Post colonial studies
So far as my reading concerned about this study of post colonial we can say that it is against colonialism because colonialism came into existence at the beginning of the century. At first glance postcolonial studies would seem to be a matter of history and political science, rather than literary criticism British seemed to foster in its political institutions as well as in its political institutions as well as in literature universal ideas for proper living, while at the same time perpetuating the violent enslavement of Africans and other imperialist cruelties around the world, causing untold misery and destroying millions of lives.
Therefore we can say that all cultural studies passess its own value by its culture. Thus, postcolonial studies opposite to colonial studies, it studies beyond to colonial studies.
Conclusion
So, cultural studies we can find five types of cultural studies. Which were helps to recognize the different communities and histories. Cultural studies exists which particular ideas which shows particular cultural words. Some times popular culture can so overtake and repackage a literary work that it is impossible to reads the original text without references to the many layers of cultural studies
Works Cited
Wilfred, Guerin.A Handbook of Critical Approches to Literature. Fifth Edition.Oxford University Press, 2005, 1966.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/other-religious-beliefs-and-general-terms/miscellaneous-religion/cultural-studies
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.livescience.com/amp/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html
Thank you..
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